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A  Manual  of  Marching 


GEORGE  A.  CORNELL 


LIBRARY 

OF    THE 

UNIVERSITY  OF  CALIFORNIA. 

> 

/     V- 

Class 


A  MANUAL  OF  MARCHING 


By  GEORGE  A.  CORNELL,  '02 

Edited  by  ELMER  BERRY,  '02 

Instructor 

International  Young  Men's  Christian  Association  Training  School 
Springfield,  Massachusetts 


SECOND  EDITION 

Adopted  as  the  Official  Manual  of  Marching  by  the  Y.  M.  C.  A. 
Physical  Directors'  Society 


JANUARY,   1906 


The  Seminar  Publishing  Company 
Springfield,  Mass. 


COPYRIGHT,  1906 
THE  SEMINAR  PUBLISHING  Co. 


Contents. 

Page 

Marching 6-9 

Method 10 

General  rules 11-15 

Cadence 15 

Single  rank 16-56 

Forming 16-20 

Being  in  line  at  a  halt 16-23 

Being  in  column  or  line  at  a  halt  or  marking  time 23-26 

Marching  or  marking  time  in  column  or  line 26-27 

Marching  in  column  of  files 28-32 

Marching  in  column  of  files  counted  off  in  various  ways.  33-35 

Marching  in  column  of  twos 36-39 

Marching  in  column  of  files  and  twos  center  and  side 

of  gymnasium .  39-40 

Marching  in  column  of  fours 41-44 

Marching  in  column  of  eights 44-56 

Double  rank 57-60 

Methods  of  getting  on  floor 60-69 

Bibliography 70 

Fancy  steps 71-72 


I 


3d 
3< 


A  Manual  of  Marching. 


BY  GEORGE  A.  CORNELL,  '02' 

EDITED  BY  ELMER  BERRY,  '02, 

INSTRUCTOR 

INTERNATIONAL  YOUNG  MEN'S  CHRISTIAN  ASSOCIATION  TRAINING 
SCHOOL,  SPRINGFIELD,  MASS. 


Preface. 

The  value  of  marching,  from  a  normal  standpoint,  is 
becoming  increasingly  evident.  The  steady  demand  for 
a  useful  textbook  has  made  a  second  edition  of  Mr. 
Cornell's  Manual  needful.  In  presenting  this  second  edi- 
tion it  has  not  been  thought  necessary  to  make  important 
modifications.  A  few  new  movements  have  been  in- 
cluded, and  an  index  has  been  added  which  it  is  hoped 
will  increase  the  usefulness  of  the  Manual. 

During  the  last  few  years  fancy  steps  have  come  to  oc- 
cupy an  important  place  in  physical  training.  They  have 
an  inherent  hygienic  value,  as  well  as  furnishing  enter- 
tainment. The  short  chapter  on  "Fancy  Steps"  added 
by  Dr.  J.  H.  McCurdy  will  be  found  helpful  and  sug- 
gestive to  those  interested  in  such  work. 

ELMER  BERRY. 


*  Reprinted  from  the  Association  Seminar. 

5 


Marching. 

Alfred  T.  Halsted,  M.  D.,  says  in  his  "Manual  of 
Marching  for  Gymnastic  Use" :  "A  tour  among  the  gym- 
nasiums of  our  land  would  doubtless  reveal  as  great  a 
diversity  of  methods  in  handling  men  and  boys  upon  the 
floor  as  in  the  character  of  the  exercises  given.  Every- 
thing from  the  general  rush  for  dumb-bells  and  the 
scrambling  for  'spots'  on  the  floor  to  the  nearest  approach 
to  military  methods  possible  would  probably  be  found." 
Is  this  true  to-day  ?  It  may  be  the  case  in  a  great  many 
gymnasiums  throughout  the  country,  but  I  believe  that  in 
a  larger  number  marching  is  carried  on  to  a  great  extent ; 
not,  however,  as  much  as  it  might  be. 

There  are  a  great  many  objections  that  can  be  raised 
against  marching  in  the  gymnasium,  and  since  these  ob- 
jections are  strong  ones,  it  seems  to  me  we  should  con- 
sider them  carefully,  and, .if  possible,  find  out  whether 
the  benefits  derived  from  marching  more  than  offset  these 
objections.  No  objections  should  keep  us  from  doing 
our  best  work.  It  seems  to  me  the  strongest  points  that 
can  be  brought  against  marching  are  the  following: — 

First,  lack  of  floor  space;  second,  the  physical  direc- 
tor's inadequate  knowledge  of  marching  and  his  inability 
to  give  commands  properly ;  third,  the  men  do  not  stay  in 
the  gymnasium  long  enough  to  learn  the  different  move- 
ments ;  fourth,  men  are  not  interested  in  marching. 

Most  of  the  gymnasiums  and  Association  buildings 
that  have  been  erected  in  the  past  ten  years  have  made  it 
a  special  point  to  have  the  gymnasium  floor  space  large 
and  clear  of  posts  and  all  unmovable  apparatus.  There 

6 


are  very  few  gymnasiums  to  my  knowledge  that  have  not 
floor  space  enough  to  give  marching,  and  the  chief  reason 
that  it  is  not  given  is  that  the  physical  director  is  not 
interested. 

This  brings  me  to  my  second  point :  the  physical  direc- 
tor has  an  inadequate  knowledge  of  marching  and  lacks 
ability  to  give  commands.  We  find  that  out  of  257  Asso- 
ciation gymnasiums  only  seventy-three  of  the  physical  di- 
rectors employed  have  had  a  thorough  technical  training. 
In  122  college  gymnasiums,  only  forty-one  directors  have 
had  technical  training;  and  out  of  fifty-nine  preparatory 
schools,  only  twelve  of  the  physical  directors  have  had 
technical  training.  This  probably  indicates  that  most  of 
these  men  know  comparatively  little  about  marching,  and 
have  had  still  less  opportunity  to  lead  and  command 
classes.  I  believe  that  a  large  per  cent  of  those  who  have 
had  technical  training,  and  do  not  have  marching  in  their 
gymnasiums,  lack  that  strong  personality  which  would 
enable  them  to  interest  men  in  marching.  It  is  a  psycho- 
logical fact  that  a  physical  director  who  takes  no  interest 
in  marching  is  not  able  to  interest  his  men  in  it. 

The  third  point  is  that  many  men  do  not  stay  in  the 
gymnasium  long  enough  or  come  often  enough  to  learn 
to  execute  the  commands.  This  is  a  strong  argument 
against  marching.  However,  if  the  physical  director  sees 
that  the  new  men  are  placed  next  to  a  regular  attendant, 
this  difficulty  can  be  easily  overcome. 

The  fourth  objection  is  that  men  are  not  interested  in 
marching.  This  is  not  true.  Men  may  not  be  interested 
in  the  kind  of  marching  they  have,  but  I  have  seldom  seen 
marching  fail  to  arouse  an  interest  in  the  men  when  given 


by  a  leader  who  understood  it  thoroughly  and  gave  com- 
mands in  a  correct  and  pleasing  manner.  When  carried 
on  in  a  military  spirit  they  take  great  pride  in  doing  it 
well.  At  the  Bridgeport,  Conn.,  Young  Men's  Christian 
Association,  before  Mr.  Fish  took  charge,  there  was  no 
marching  because  of  some  of  the  reasons  mentioned. 
While  he  had  charge  they  had  ten  to  fifteen  minutes' 
marching  for  every  senior  class. 

Now  that  we  have  gone  over  the  objections  that  are 
brought  against  marching,  it  seems  fair  to  consider  the 
strong  points  in  favor  of  it.  In  the  first  place  the  physical 
director  must  have  a  thorough  knowledge  of  marching 
and  a  strong  personality  that  will  take  with  boys.  His 
commands  should  be  given  in  a  way  that  will  show  to  the 
men  his  interest  in  the  class.  I  found  in  leading  the 
Middle  Class  at  the  Training  School  that  if  I  went  on  the 
floor  feeling  blue  or  tired,  it  was  impossible  to  get  good 
work  out  of  the  class.  If  this  is  true  with  men  who  take 
marching  as  a  part  of  their  course  and  are  interested  in 
the  theory  of  it,  it  is  plainly  seen  how  much  depends  upon 
the  leader  and  his  method  of  giving  commands  as  well  as 
his  personality.  With  a  strong  leader  there  will  be  no 
trouble  in  having  ten  to  fifteen  minutes'  marching  during 
the  lesson.  It  will  give  the  men  a  more  graceful  and  erect 
carriage,  as  well  as  a  general  knowledge  of  gymnastic 
tactics. 

Strict  military  discipline  aids  the  physical  director  in 
obtaining  perfect  control  of  his  men.  This  is  especially 
helpful  at  the  beginning  of  the  lesson.  It  is  emphasized 
if  the  director  has  a  clear,  commanding  voice.  Marching 

8 


exercises  put  the  men  in  good  spirits  and  prepare  for  the 
heavier  forms  of  work. 

Mr.  J.  E.  Sullivan,  '02,  in  his  "Study  of-  Physical 
Exercise  for  Boys"1  done  in  the  different  Associations, 
asked  the  question,  "What  part  of  the  work  do  they  seem 
to  enjoy  most?"  It  is  interesting  to  note  that  in  the  re- 
plies he  received,  marching  was  enjoyed  most  in  Cleve- 
land, Ohio ;  Milwaukee,  Wis. ;  Philadelphia  Central ;  and 
Cleveland  reported  that  the  classes  best  attended  were 
those  where  marching  was  carried  on  for  strict  discipline. 
The  marching  appealed  to  the  boys  first  and  the  games 
next.  I  learned  from  personal  interviews  with  Cleveland 
men  at  the  Training  School  that  they  took  more  pains 
with  the  marching  for  boys  than  any  other  phase  of  the 
work,  having  their  physical  directors  take  special  training 
in  marching. 

Mr.  F.  B.  Wise,  '02,  in  his  "Anthropometric  Study  of 
Training  School  Students,"2  found  that  the  secretarial 
men  increased  one  and  one-tenth  inches,  and  that  the  phy- 
sical men  increased  three-tenths  of  an  inch  during  the 
Junior  year.  This  is  rather  an  extraordinary  amount  to  be 
gained  in  one  year,  especially  when  we  consider  that  these 
men  were  of  the  mean  average  of  twenty-three  and  a  half 
years  of  age.  This  gain  in  height  is  therefore  largely  the 
result  of  the  work  given  the  men  in  the  Junior  year, 
which  is  peculiarly  adapted  to  straightening  the  spine  and 
improving  the  general  bodily  carriage.  Marching  is  one 
of  the  principal  forms  of  exercise  in  this  class  and  no 
doubt  has  much  to  do  with  this  increase. 

(1)  "A  Study  of  Physical  Exercise  for  Boys."     By  J.  E.  Sullivan.     Grad- 
uating Thesis,  '02. 

(2)  "An  Anthropometric  Study  of  Training  School  Students."     By  F.  B. 
Wise.     Graduating  Thesis,  '02. 


Method. 

The  desire  is  to  make  marching  as  simple  as  possible. 
Diagrams  will  be  used  to  help  obtain  this  result.  The  po- 
sition from  which  the  given  command  is  to  be  executed 
will  be  given  first,  thus  making  it  clearer  for  men  who 
have  never  had  a  thorough  training  along  that  line.  To 
illustrate:  If  the  company  is  to  execute  "fours  right" 
from  a  column  of  fours,  the  command  will  be  preceded  by 
a  description  of  the  present  direction  and  the  new  direc- 
tion of  the  company.  Thus,  Marching  in  column  of  fours 
to  form  a  line  and  change  direction.  After  this  will  fol- 
low the  command,  1.  Fours  left  (right),  2.  March.  Or  if 
the  company  was  marching  in  company  front,  and  it  was 
desired  to  use  the  same  command,  the  following  would 
be  put  over  it :  Marching  in  line,  to  change  direction  and 
march  in  column  of  fours.  This  it  seems  to  me  will  sim- 
plify gymnastic  marching  and  avoid  mistakes.  I  have 
gone  carefully  over  Alfred  T.  Halsted's  "Manual  of 
Marching  for  Gymnastic  Use,"  and  made  necessary  cor- 
rections and  additions,  basing  the  entire  work  upon  the 
U.  S.  Infantry  Drill  Regulations  for  the  years  1891  and 
1904.  This  system  of  arranging  commands  was  sug- 
gested by  the  Drill  Regulations.  The  definitions  of  terms 
used  in  this  manual  may  be  found  on  pages  9  and  10  of  the 
Regulations  for  1904.  Generally  drawings  referred  to  in 
the  references  to  the  Drill  Regulations  will  not  be  repro- 
duced in  this  manual.  In  this  revision  the  manual  is 
brought  up  to  date  with  the  Infantry  Drill  Regulations  of 
1904.  The  wording  for  quotations,  however,  is  that  of 
the  Regulations  of  1891,  except  where  changes  in  meaning 
were  made.  The  first  part  of  the  reference  refers  to  the 

10 


Regulations  of  1891 ;  the  second  part  refers  to  the  pages 
where  the  same  thing  is  found  in  the  Regulations  of  1904. 

Methods  of  Arranging  Classes  on  the  Floor. 

An  effort  has  been  made  to  collect  all  the  different 
methods  of  putting  men  on  the  floor  for  calisthenic  work. 
These  are  arranged  in  the  form  of  a  glossary  for  the  con- 
venience of  the  director. 

General  Rules. 

(1)  In  giving  commands  the  physical  director  should 

always  face  toward  the  men. 

(2)  The  physical  director  "should  always  maintain 

a  military  bearing  and  by  a  quiet,  firm  de- 
meanor set  a  proper  example  to  the  men."1 

(3)  The  physical  director  "explains  each  movement 

in  as  few;  words  as  possible,  at  the  same  time 
executing  it  himself."2 

(4)  "There  are  two  kinds  of  commands."3 

"The  preparatory  command,  such  as  Forward,  indi- 
cates the  movement  that  is  to  be  executed." 

"The  command  of  execution,  such  as  March,  Halt, 
causes  the  execution." 

The  preparatory  command  should  always  precede  the 
command  of  execution,  as  (1)  Company,  (2)  Halt. 

"The  preparatory  command  should  be  given  at  such 
an  interval  of  time  before  the  command  of  execution  as 
to  admit  of  its  being  properly  understood ;  the  command 
of  execution  should  be  given  at  the  instant  the  move- 
ment is  to  commence." 

(1)  Infantry  Drill  Regulations,  U.   S.  Army,  p.   10.      1904,  p.   13. 

(2)  Infantry  Drill  Regulations,  U.   S.  Army,  p.   10. 

(3)  Infantry  Drill   Regulations,  U.    S.   Army,  pp.   8,  9.      1904,  p.    12. 

II 


"Each  preparatory  command  is  pronounced  in  an 
ascending  tone  of  voice,  but  always  in  such  a  manner 
that  the  command  for  execution  may  be  more  energetic 
and  elevated." 

"The  command  of  execution  is  pronounced  in  a  firm 
and  brief  tone." 

"The  tone  of  the  command  is  animated,  distinct  and 
of  a  loudness  proportional  to  the  number  of  men  under 
instruction." 

(5)  "Any  movement  may  be  executed  either  from  the 

halt,  or  when  marching  or  marking  time,  if 
not  otherwise  prescribed."1 

(6)  "When   the   execution   of   a   movement   is   im- 

properly begun  and  the  instructor  wishes  to 
begin  it  anew  for  the  purpose  of  correcting  it, 
he  commands,  As  you  were,  at  which  the 
movement  ceases  and  the  former  position  is 
resumed."2 

(7)  All  commands  which  involve  a  change  of  direc- 

tion to  the  left  (or  right)  should  be  given  as 
the  left  (or  right)  foot  is  coming  to  the  floor; 
for  example,  By  the  left  (or  right)  flank,  etc. 

(8)  In  giving  commands  which  are  to  be  followed  by 

counting  to  secure  precision  of  execution, 
such  as  in  Open  order  from  column  of  three 
( Swedish  Open  Order)  the  command,  March, 
should  always  count  as  one. 

(9)  When  the  command,  Fall  in  line,  has  been  given, 

the  general  rule  should  be  observed,  that  the 
shortest  men  fall  in  on  the  right  of  the  line. 

(1)  Infantry  Drill  Regulations,  U.  S.  Army,  p.  8. 

(2)  Infantry  Drill  Regulations,  U.  S.  Army,  p.   11.      1904,  p.  13. 

12 


(10)  The  formation  of  double  rank  should  always 

be  made  on  the  right  of  the  line. 

(11)  When  marching  in  column  of  files,  care  should 

be  taken  to  have  every  man  keep  closed  as 
nearly  as  possible  to  facing  distance,  i.  e.} 
sixteen  inches. 

(12)  When  marching  in  line  always  guide  right  un- 

less otherwise  directed. 

(13)  When  marching  in  column  of  fours,  sixes,  or 

eights,  and  column  right  or  left  is  given 
always  guide  on  the  marching  flank. 

(14)  Marching  flank  is  the  term  given  to  that  end  of 

the  line  that  maintains  the  regular  cadence  in 
executing  a  turn;  the  man  who  is  acting  as 
the  pivot  man  and  those  near  him  regulate 
their  step  so  that  the  men  on  the  marching 
flank  do  not  have  to  increase  the  cadence* 

(15)  "In  all  wheelings  by  fours,  the  forward  march 

is  taken  up  on  the  completion  of  the  move- 
ment, unless  the  command,  Halt,  be  given."1 
For  example,  Fours  left  (or  right). 

(16)  "At  half  step  or  mark  time  while  obliquing,  the 

oblique  march  is  resumed  by  the  commands: 
1.  Full  step,  2.  March."2 

(17)  "In  the  oblique  march,  the  guide  is  always  with- 

out indication  on  the  side  toward  which  the 
oblique  is  made.  On  resuming  the  direct 
march  in  line  the  guide  is  announced."3 

(1)  Infantry  Drill  Regulations,  U.  S.  Army,  p.  71. 

(2)  Infantry  Drill  Regulations,  1904,  U.  S.  Army,  p.  45. 

(3)  Infantry  Drill  Regulations,  1904,  U.  S.  Army,  p.  45. 

13 


(18)  "If  the  oblique  be  executed  from  a  halt,  the 

guide  is  announced  on  taking  the  direct  march 
in  line."1 

(19)  In  taking  hand  apparatus  while  marching  in 

column  of  files  the  command,  Short  step,  or 
Mark  time,  may  be  given  to  give  time  to  get 
apparatus  and  close  up  to  the  proper  dis- 
tance. 

After  the  close  of  the  drill  the  same  rule  may  be  fol- 
lowed in  putting  away  apparatus. 

(20)  Any  command  which  involves  a  change  of  di- 

rection may  be  brought  to  a  halt  without  the 
command,  Halt,  by  giving  the  number  of 
steps  in  the  command  that  are  to  be  exe- 
cuted in  the  new  direction.  For  example, 
1.  By  the  left  (or  right)  flank,  2.  Four  steps, 
3.  March. 

(21)  Marching  in  column  of  fours  in  double  rank  the 

rear  rank  falls  back  to  forty-four  inches. 

(22)  A  large  per  cent  of  the  commands  in  both  single 

and  double  rank  marching  can  be  executed 
when  marching  in  double  time;  a  number  of 
movements  may  also  be  executed  in  short 
steps  or  in  double  time  from  a  halt  or  quick 
time  by  inserting  the  proper  command :  1.  By 
the  right  flank,  2.  Double  time,  3.  March; 
1.  To  the  rear,  2.  Double  time,  3.  March; 
1.  By  the  right  flank,  2.  Short  steps,  3. 
March;  1.  Backward,  2.  Short  steps,  3. 
March. 

(1)     Infantry  Drill  Regulations,  U.  S.  Army,  p.  SO. 

14 


The  company  may  be  made  to  mark  time  as  soon  as 
the  desired  movement  is  executed  by  inserting  the  com- 
mand, Mark  time,  thus,  1.  By  the  right  flank,  2.  Mark 
time,  3.  March. 

(23)  When  marching  in  column  of  twos  or  fours  all 

commands  should  be  given  from  the  leading 

twos  or  fours,  e.  g., 

Marching  in  column  of  twos  (or  fours),  the  com- 
mand, Column  left  and  right,  alternating,  is  given,  the 
first  set  of  twos  (or  fours)  turn  to  the  left  and  the 
second  set  of  twos  (or  fours)  turn  to  the  right. 

(24)  Observation  of  this  rule  will  avoid  any  mixing 

of  the  direction  for  the  leading  two  or  four. 

(25)  The  column  of  fours  changes  direction,  marches 

to  the  rear  and  by  the  flank,  wheels  in  fours, 
executes  the  facings  and  steps,  obliques  and 
forms  a  line,  according  to  the  principles  laid 
down  for  a  column  of  files  or  twos. 

Cadence. 

(26)  Quick  time. 

"The  length  of  the  full  step  in  quick  time  is  thirty 
inches  measured  from  heel  to  heel,  and  the  cadence  is 
at  the  rate  of  120  steps  per  minute."1  The  length  of 
the  short  step  is  fifteen  inches. 

(27)  Double  time. 

"The  length  of  the  full  step  in  double  time  is  thirty- 
six  inches;  the  cadence  is  at  the  rate  of  180  steps  per 

(1)     Infantry  Drill  Regulations,  U.   S.  Army,  pp.  20,  21.      1904,  p.  24. 

15 


minute."1  The  length  of  the  short  step  is  eighteen 
inches. 

(28)  Common  time. 

"The  cadence  of  common  time  is  from  sixty-four  to 
seventy  steps  per  minute."2 

Marching  in  Single  Rank. 

To  form  a  line: — 

(29)  1.  Fall  in  line. 

At  this  command  each  man  takes  his  place  in  line  ac- 
cording to  height.8     Each  man  should  move  by  short 
side  steps  to  the  right  till  he  touches  the  elbow  of  his 
neighbor,  or  give  way  to  the  left  till  there  is  no  crowd- 
ing.   Arms  should  be  straight  and  hanging  at  the  sides. 
This  position  should  be  retained  till  the  next  command. 
Having  fallen  in  line  or  being  in  line  at  rest  to  command 
attention : — 

(30)  1.  Company  (squad  or  class),  2.  Attention. 
"At  the  command,  Attention,  each  man  takes  the 

position  of  the  soldier  as  follows:  Heels  on  the  same 
line  and  as  near  each  other  as  the  conformation  of  the 
man  permits ;  feet  turned  out  equally  and  forming  with 
each  other  an  angle  of  sixty  degrees ;  knees  straight  and 
without  stiffness ;  body  erect  on  the  hips,  inclining  a  lit- 
tle forward,  shoulders  square  and  falling  equally,  arms 
and  hands  outward,  elbows  near  the  body;  head  erect 
and  square  to  the  front;  chin  slightly  drawn  in,  with- 
out restraint;  eyes  straight  to  the  front."4 

(1)  Infantry  Drill  Regulations,  U.   S.   Army,  pp.  20,  21.       1904,  p.  24. 

(2)  Light  Gymnastics,  by  Anderson,  pp.  9,   10. 

(3)  See  General  Rule  9. 

(4)  Infantry  Drill  Regulations,  U.  S.  Army,  p.   11.      1904,  p.   18. 

16 


Being  in  line  at  attention,  to  dress  the  line : — 

(31)  1.  Right  (or  left),  2.  Dress. 

All  cast  the  head  and  eyes  to  the  right  (or  left)  and 
place  themselves  in  a  position  so  that  they  can  just  see 
the  breast  of  the  third  man  down  the  line.  The  shoul- 
ders should  not  be  deranged  by  this  movement.  Close 
in  until  the  space  of  three  inches  remains  between 
elbows  as  the  arms  hang  naturally. 

Having  fallen  in  line  and  dressed,  to  face  to  the  front : — 

(32)  1.  Front. 

At  the  command,  Front,  each  man  turns  his  head  and 
eyes  to  the  front  and  stands  in  the  position  of  attention, 
waiting  the  next  command. 

Being  in  line  at  attention  at  a  halt,  to  rest  the  men : — 

(33)  1.  Rest,  or  1.  At  ease. 

At  the  command,  Rest,  the  men  keep  one  heel  in 
place,  but  are  not  required  to  preserve  silence  or  immo- 
bility. At  the  command,  At  ease,  the  men  keep  one 
heel  in  place  and  preserve  silence,  but  not  immobility. 

To  form  a  column : — 

(34)  1.  Fall  in  column. 

At  the  command,  Fall  in  column,  the  men  form  in 
single  column,  i.  e.}  one  behind  another  according  to 
height,  the  shortest  man  at  the  head  of  the  column ;  each 
man  should  see  that  he  is  within  facing  distance  of  the 
man  in  front  of  him,  i.  e.,  sixteen  inches  from  back  to 
chest. 

17 


Being  in  column  or  line  at  a  halt,  to  face  to  the  left  (or 
right)  : — 

(35)  1.  Left  (or  right),  2.  Face. 

At  the  command,  Face,  make  a  quarter  turn  of  ninety 
degrees  on  the  left  heel  and  the  ball  of  the  right  foot  (if 
it  is  to  be  a  left  face),  lift  the  right  foot  and  place  it 
beside  the  left  foot.  To  face  to  the  right  make  a  quar- 
ter turn  of  ninety  degrees  on  the  right  heel  and  the  ball 
of  the  left  foot,  lift  the  left  foot  and  place  it  beside  the 
right. 

Being  in  column  or  line  at  a  halt,  to  execute  a  half  face  to 
left  (or  right)  :— 

(36)  1.  Half  left  (or  right),  2.  Face. 

At  the  command,  Face,  make  a  turn  of  forty-five  de- 
grees on  the  left  heel  and  the  ball  of  the  right  foot  (if  it 
is  to  be  a  left  face),  lift  the  right  foot  and  place  it  beside 
the  left  foot.  A  half  right  face  is  executed  just  the  re- 
verse. 
Being  in  column  or  line,  to  execute  about  face. 

(37)  1.  About,   2.   Face. 

At  the  command,  Face,  each  man  executes  a  half 
turn,  180  degrees,  to  the  right,  as  is  described  in  the 
Right  face  (Par.  35). 

To  execute  About  face  to  the  left,  the  command, 
1.  Left  about,  2.  Face,  is  given  and  it  is  executed  just 
the  reverse  from  an  about  face. 

Being  in  line  at  a  halt,  to  count  twos  (or  threes,  or  fours) 
from  right  (or  left)  flank: — 

(38)  1.  Count,  2.  Twos  (or  threes,  or  fours). 
This  should  always  be  executed  from  the  right  flank 

18 


unless  the  director  for  some  particular  reason  wants  the 
men  counted  off  from  the  left  flank,  in  which  case  he 
should  precede  the  command  by  the  caution,  "From  the 
left  flank."  "Each  man  should  turn  his  head  as  he 
speaks  his  number,  to  the  left,  if  counting  from  the 
right,  thus  giving  the  cue  to  his  next  neighbor,  imme- 
diately turning  to  the  front  again."1 

Being  in  line  at  a  halt,  to  count  off  from  the  right  flank : — 

(39)  1.  Count  off,  2.  Count. 

The  first  man  on  the  right  calls,  "one,"  the  second 
man,  "two,"  the  third,  "three,"  the  fourth,  "four,"  the 
fifth,  "five,"  and  so  on,  until  the  entire  company  has 
numbered. 

Being  in  a  line  at  halt,  to  count  off  in  double  (or  triple) 
ones  and  twos : — 

(40)  1.  Double  (or  triple)  ones  and  twos,  2.  Count. 
At  the  command,  Count,  the  first  two  (or  three)  men 

number  "one,"  the  second  two  (or  three)  men  number 
"two,"  and  the  third  two  (or  three)  men  number  "one" 
again ;  this  is  continued  until  the  whole  line  is  numbered 
off  in  double  (or  triple)  ones  and  twos.  The  same  gen- 
eral rules  hold  as  for  counting  off  in  twos  and  fours 
(Par.  38). 

Being  in  column  or  line  at  a  halt,  to  mark  time : — 

(41)  1.  Mark  time,  2.  March. 

"At  the  command,  March,  advance  the  left  foot 
about  half  its  length  and  bring  it  back  on  a  line  with  the 
other,  knee  straight.  Follow  with  the  right.  Continue 
the  cadence  and  make  a  semblance  of  marching  with- 

(1)     Marching  for  Gymnastic  Use,  by  Halsted,  p.  6. 

19 


out  gaining  ground.  If  on  the  march,  the  movement  is 
executed  in  the  same  manner.  If  at  double  time,  the 
cadence  of  double  time  is  retained.  To  take  up  or  re- 
sume the  full  step  the  command,1  1.  Full  step,  2.  March, 
is  given."2 

Being  in  column  or  line  at  a  halt  to  break  ranks : — 

(42)  1.  Break  ranks,  2.  March. 

At  the  command,  March,  the  company  takes  one  step 
forward  before  the  line  is  broken,  the  company  being 
dismissed. 

Being  in  line  at  a  halt,  to  march  forward  in  line : — 

(43)  1.  Forward,  2.  Guide  right  (or  left),  3.  March. 
"At  the  command,  March,  the  men  step  off,  the  guide 

marching  straight  to  the  front.  The  men  preserve  their 
intervals  toward  the  side  of  the  guide,  yielding  to  pres- 
sure from  that  side  and  resisting  pressure  from  the  op- 
posite direction.  While  habitually  keeping  the  head  to 
the  front,  they  may  occasionally  glance  toward  the  side 
of  the  guide,  to  preserve  alignment  and  intervals.  The 
head  is  turned  as  little  as  possible  for  this  purpose."3 

Being  in/  line  at  a  halt,  counted  in  fours  to  march  by  the 
flank  by  twos: — 

(44)  1.  Twos  left  (or  right),  2.  March. 

"At  the  command,  March,  numbers  two  and  four  act 
as  pivot  men,  turning  by  short  steps  to  a  left  face  from 
previous  position,  numbers  one  and  three  wheeling 

(1)  See  General  Rule  22. 

(2)  Infantry  Drill  Regulations,  1904,  U.  S.  Army,  p.  25. 

(3)  Marching  for  Gymnastic  Use,  by  Halsted,  p.  25. 

20 


around  by  regulation  steps  to  face  in  the  new  direction, 
keeping  their  dress  distances  with  the  men  at  their 
sides.  In  executing  twos  right,  numbers  one  and  three 
act  as  pivot  men,  and  numbers  two  and  four  turn 
around  by  regulation  steps  to  face  in  the  new  direc- 
tion."1 

Being  in  line  at  a  halt,  to  march  by  the  flank  in  column  of 
fours : — 

(45)  1.  Fours  left  (or  right),  2.  March. 

At  the  command,  March,  each  four  wheels  ninety 
degrees  to  the  left  (or  right)  on  a  fixed  pivot,  the  pivot 
turning  strictly  in  his  place,  the  man  on  the  marching 
flank  maintains  the  full  step,  moving  on  the  arc  of  a 
circle  with  the  pivot  man  as  a  center ;  the  men  dress  on 
the  marching  flank,  shorten  their  steps  according  to 
their  distance  from  it  and  keep  their  intervals  from  the 
pivot  man.  Having  executed  the  quarter  turn,  the  col- 
umn of  fours  thus  formed  marches  forward. 

Being  in  line  at  a  halt,  to  march  in  column  of  fours  to  the 
front : — 

(46)  1.  Left    (or    right)     forward    fours    left    (or 

right),  2.  March. 

"At  the  command,  March,  the  left  (or  right)  four 
moves  to  the  front,  shortening  the  first  three  or  four 
steps,  the  other  fours  wheel  to  the  left,  each  on  a  fixed 
pivot,  the  second  four,  when  its  wheel  is  two-thirds 
completed,  wheels  to  the  right  on  a  movable  pivot  and 

(1)     Marching  for  Gymnastic  Use,  by  Halsted,  p.  12. 

21 


follows  the  first,  the  other  fours  having  wheeled  to  the 
left  move  forward  and  each  wheels  to  the  right  on  a 
movable  pivot  to  follow  the  second."1 


VN  VV  N.  V 

'f/ff          / 


Being  in  line  at  a  halt,  to  turn  and  form  a  line  in  a  new 
direction : — 

(47)     1.  Company  left  (or  right),  2.  March. 

"The  left  (or  right)  file  faces  to  the  left  (or  right). 
The  other  files  half  face  to  the  left  (or  right)  and 
marching  with  the  regular  step,  place  themselves  suc- 
cessively upon  the  alignment  established  by  the  left  (or 
right)  file;  all  dress  to  the  left  (or  right)  without  com- 
mand. The  instructor  verifies  the  alignment  from  the 

(1)     Marching  for  Gymnastic  Use,  by  Halsted,  p.  23. 

22 


pivot  flank  and  commands  front."1  If  done  while 
marching  or  marking  time  the  left  (or  right)  file  halts 
at  command,  March,  and  then  faces. 

Being  in  line  at  a  halt,  to  turn  and  march  in  line  in  a  new 
direction : — 

(48)  1.  Left  (or  right)  turn,  2.  March,  3.  Forward, 

4.  March. 

"At  the  command,  March,  the  left  (or  right)  file 
marches  by  the  left  flank  in  short  steps ;  the  other  men 
half  face  to  the  left,  and  moving  by  the  shortest  route, 
place  themselves  on  the  new  line,  when  they  take  up 
the  short  step.  As  soon  as  all  the  men  have  arrived  on 
the  line,  the  instructor  commands,  3.  Forward,  4. 
March.  Should  the  command,  Halt,  be  given  during 
the  execution  of  the  movement,  those  men  on  the  line 
halt ;  the  other  men  halt  on  arriving  in  line.  All  dress 
towards  the  pivot.  The  instructor  verifies  the  align- 
ment from  the  pivot  and  commands  front.  The  move- 
ment may  be  executed  while  on  the  march  or  marking 
time."2 

Being  in  column  or  line  at  a  halt,  or  marking  time,  to 
march  in  column  or  line : — 

(49)  1.  Forward,  2.  March. 

"At  the  command,  Forward,  throw  the  weight  of  the 
body  upon  the  right  leg  without  bending  the  left  knee ; 
at  the  command,  March,  move  the  left  leg  smartly,  but 

(1)  Infantry  Drill  Regulations,  U.  S.  Army,  p.  51. 

(2)  Infantry  Drill  Regulations,  U.  S.  Army,  p.  52.      1904,  p.  46. 

23 


without  jerk,  carry  the  foot  straight  forward  thirty 
inches  from  the  right,  measuring  from  heel  to  heel,  sole 
near  the  ground,  knees  straight  and  slightly  turned  out ; 
at  the  same  time  throw  the  weight  of  the  body  forward 
and  plant  the  foot  without  shock,  weight  of  body  resting 
upon  it;  next,  in  like  manner,  advance  the  right  foot, 
and  plant  as  above;  continue  the  march,  keeping  the 
face  to  the  front.  The  director  indicates  from  time  to 
time  the  cadence  of  the  step  by  calling,  One,  two,  three, 
four;  or  left,  right,  the  instant  the  left  foot  and  right 
foot,  respectively,  should  be  planted."1 

Being  in  column  or  line  at  a  halt,  or  marking  time,  to 
march  in  column  or  line  in  double  time : — 

(50)     1.  Forward,  2.  Double  time,  3.  March. 

"At  the  command,  Forward,  throw  the  weight  of  the 
body  on  the  right  leg;  at  the  command,  Double  time, 
raise  the  hands  until  the  forearms  are  horizontal,  fin- 
gers closed,  nails  toward  the  body,  elbows  to  the  rear. 
At  the  command,  March,  carry  forward  the  left  foot, 
leg  slightly  bent,  knee  somewhat  raised,  and  plant  the 
foot  thirty-six  inches  from  the  right ;  then  execute  the 
same  motion  with  the  right  foot ;  continue  this  alternate 
movement  of  the  feet,  throwing  the  weight  of  the  body 
forward  and  allowing  a  natural  swinging  motion  to 
the  arms."2  If  in  column  the  men  gradually  drop  back 
to  thirty-six  inches. 

(1)  Infantry  Drill  Regulations,  U.  S.  Army,  p.  20.     1904,  p.  24. 

(2)  Infantry  Drill  Regulations,  U.  S.  Army,  p.  21.     1904,  p.  24. 

24 


Being  in  column  or  line  at  a  halt,  or  marking  time,  to 
march  in  column  or  line  in  short  steps : — 

(51)  1.  Forward,  2.  Short  steps,  3.  March. 

"At  the  command,  March,  the  class  takes  steps  of 
fifteen  inches.  The  full  step  is  resumed  at  the  command, 

1.  Forward,  2.  March."    The  short  step  may  be  taken 
up  from,  the  full  step  by  the  command,  1.  Short  steps, 

2.  March. 

Being  in  column  or  line  at  a  halt,  or  marking  time,  to 
march  backward: — 

(52)  1.  Backward,  2.  March. 

"At  the  command,  March,  step  back  with  the  left 
foot  fifteen  inches  straight  to  the  rear,  measuring  from 
heel  to  heel,  then  with  the  right,  and  so  on,  the  feet 
alternating.  At  the  command,  Halt,  bring  back  the 
foot  in  front  to  the  side  of  the  one  in  the  rear."1 

Being  in  column  or  line  at  a  halt,  or  marking  time,  to  side 
step  to  the  right  or  left: — 

(53)  1.  Left  (or  right)  step,  2.  March. 

"At  the  command,  March,  carry  the  left  foot  twelve 
inches  to  the  left,  keeping  the  knees  straight  and  square 
to  the  front;  as  soon  as  the  left  foot  is  planted  bring 
the  right  foot  to  the  side  of  it,  and  continue  the  move- 
ment, observing  the  cadence  for  each  foot,  as  explained 
for  quick  time."  (Par.  26. )2  Side  step  to  the  right  is 
executed  just  the  reverse. 

(1)  Infantry  Drill  Regulations,  U.  S.  Army,  p.  22.      1904,  p.  26. 

(2)  Infantry  Drill  Regulations,  U.  S.  Army,  p.  22.     1904,  p.  25. 

25 


Being  in  column  or  line  at  a  halt,  or  marking  time,  to 
march  by  the  left  (or  right)  oblique: — 

(54)  1.  Left  (or  right)  oblique,  2.  March. 

At  the  command,  March,  the  company  execute  a  half 
left  (or  right)  face  (Par.  36),  but  instead  of  planting 
the  right  foot  by  the  side  of  the  left,  it  is  advanced 
forward  the  regulation  step  and  the  march  is  started. 

Being  in  column  or  line  at  a  halt,  to  march  by  the  left  (or 
right)  flank: — 

(55)  1.  By  the  left  (or  right)  flank,  2.  March. 

At  the  command,  March,  make  a  quarter  turn  of 
ninety  degrees  on  the  left  heel  and  the  ball  of  the  right 
foot,  but  instead  of  lifting  the  right  foot  and  placing  it 
beside  the  left  as  in  left  face,  it  is  advanced  to  the  regu- 
lation step  and  the  march  is  taken  up. 

Being  in  column  or  line  at  a  halt,  to  march  to  the  rear : — 

(56)  1.  To  the  rear,  2.  March. 

At  the  command,  March,  make  a  half  turn  of  180 
degrees  on  the  right  heel  and  the  ball  of  the  left  foot, 
the  left  foot  is  then  advanced  forward  in  the  new  direc- 
tion and  the  march  is  taken  up. 

Being  in  column  of  files  at  a  halt,  or  marking  time,  to 
change  direction  and  march  forward : — 

(57)  1.  Forward,  2.  Column  left  (or  right),  3.  March. 
At  the  command,  March,  the  leading  file  executes  the 

change  of  direction  as  indicated  by  the  command  and 

26 


marches  forward  in  the  new  direction,  the  succeeding 
files  wheel  on  the  same  ground  and  follow  the  first  file. 

Marching  in  column  or  line,  to  come  to  a  halt : — 

(58)  1.  Company,  2.  Halt. 

At  the  command,  Halt,  as  the  left  (or  right)  foot  is 
coming  to  the  floor,  advance  the  right  (or  left)  foot 
one  step ;  the  left  (or  right)  foot  is  then  brought  up  and 
planted  without  shock  by  the  side  of  the  right  (or  left) 
foot. 

Side  stepping  in  column  or  line,  to  come  to  a  halt : — 

(59)  1.  Company,  2.  Halt. 

At  the  command,  Halt,  given  as  the  leading  foot 
strikes  the  floor,  simply  bring  up  the  following  foot 
and  plant  it  without  shock  beside  the  other.  If  the 
command,  Halt,  is  given  as  the  following  foot  closes 
up,  take  one  more  side  step  with  the  leading  foot  and 
halt  on  two  counts  as  in  marching  forward. 

Marching  in  column  or  line,  to  change  step : — 

(60)  1.  Change  step,  2.  March. 

"At  the  command,  March,  given  as  the  right  foot 
comes  to  the  ground,  the  left  foot  is  advanced  and 
planted ;  the  toe  of  the  right  is  then  advanced  near  the 
heel  of  the  left,  the  recruit  again  stepping  off  with  the 
left." 

"The  change  on  the  right  foot  is  similarly  executed, 
the  command,  March,  being  given  as  the  left  foot 
strikes  the  ground."1 

(1)     Infantry  Drill  Regulations,  U.  S.  Army,  p.  22.      1904,  p.  26. 

27 


Marching,  or  marking  time,  in  column  or  line,  to  march  to 
the  rear: — 

(61)  1.  To  the  rear,  2.  March. 

At  the  command,  March,  given  as  the  right  (or  left) 
foot  strikes  the  floor,  advance  and  plant  the  left  (or 
right)  foot,  then  turn  on  the  balls  of  both  feet,  facing 
to  the  right  (or  left)  about,  and  immediately  step  off 
with  the  left  (or  right)  foot  in  the  new  direction. 

Marching,  or  marking  time,  in  column  or  line,  to  march 
to  the  rear  and  come  to  a  halt : — 

(62)  1.  To  the  rear,  2.  March,  3.  Halt. 

This  command  is  executed  the  same  as  given  (Par. 
61),  doing  the  turn  to  the  right  (or  left)  on  the  balls  of 
both  feet.  The  left  (or  right)  foot  is  advanced  one  step 
and  the  right  (or  left)  brought  up  and  planted  with- 
out shock  by  the  side  of  the  left  (or  right). 

Marching  in  a  column  of  files,  to  change  direction  to  the 
left  (or  right)  :— 

(63)  1.  Column  left  (or  right),  2.  March. 

The  command,  March,  should  be  given  as  the  left 
foot  of  the  leader  strikes  the  floor ;  the  right  is  then  ad- 
vanced, the  turn  of  ninety  degrees  made  on  the  balls  of 
both  feet  and  the  left  foot  is  then  advanced  in  the  new 
direction.  The  reverse  is  observed  in  turning  to  the 
right.  The  instructor  should  have  this  taken  on  the 
corners  of  the  gymnasium,  toward  the  open  space  with- 
out command. 

28 


Marching  in  column  of  files,  to  change  direction  and 
march  to  the  rear : — 

(64)  1.  Column  left  (or  right)  about,  2.  March. 

Execute  column  left,  then  after  taking  one  step  ex- 
ecute column  left  again. 

Marching,  or  marking  time,  in  column  of  files,  to  march 
in  line: — 

(65)  1.  By  the  left  (or  right)  flank,  2.  March. 

At  the  command,  March,  given  as  the  left  foot  strikes 
the  ground  for  a  left  flank,  or  as  the  right  strikes  the 
ground  for  a  right  flank,  advance  the  other  foot  one 
step,  then  turn  in  the  direction  indicated  on  the  balls  of 
both  feet,  and  step  off  in  the  new  direction  with  the 
foot  on  the  side  to  which  the  flank  movement  is  to  be 
executed. 

Marching,  or  marking  time,  in  column  of  files,  to  come  to 
a  halt  in  line: — 

(66)  1.  By  the  left  (or  right)   flank,  2.  March,  3. 
Halt. 

At  the  command,  March,  given  as  the  left  (or  right) 
foot  strikes  the  ground,  the  men  execute  the  command, 
By  the  left  (or  right)  flank ;  when  the  turn  in  the  direc- 
tion indicated  is  being  made  on  the  balls  of  both  feet 
the  command,  Halt,  is  given;  the  foot  on  the  side  to 
which  the  flank  movement  is  to  be  executed  takes  one 
step  in  the  new  direction,  the  rear  foot  is  then  brought 
up  and  planted  without  shock  by  the  side  of  the  other. 

29 


Marching  in  column  of  files  (twos,  threes,  or  fours),  to 
march  in  oblique  and  to  resume  the  direct  march : — 
(67)  1.  Left  (or  right)  oblique,  2.  March. 

At  the  command,  March,  each  man  half  faces  to  the 
side  indicated  by  the  command,  turning  on  the  balls 
of  both  feet,  at  the  same  time  stepping  off  in  the  new  di- 
rection, keeping  his  shoulders  parallel  with  those  of 
the  men  at  his  side,  and  so  regulates  his  step  as  to  keep 
a  line  drawn  through  him  and  the  man  at  his  side 
parallel  with  such  a  line  drawn  when  marching  forward, 
abreast.  The  file  lines  from  front  to  rear  should  be 
straight  and  parallel  with  the  original  line  of  march. 

At  the  command,  Forward  march,  each  half  faces  to 
the  direction  from  which  he  turned  and  the  original 
direction  is  taken. 

Column  of  twos,  threes,  or  fours  oblique  the  same 
as  described  above. 


Marching  in  column  of  files  (twos  or  fours),  to  form  a 
line  without  change  of  direction: — 

(68)     1.  Left  front  into  line,  2.  March. 

"At  the  command,  March,  the  leading  file  (twos  or 
fours)  move  straight  to  the  front,  guiding  to  the  right: 
the  other  files  (twos  or  fours)  oblique  to  the  left  until 
opposite  their  places  in  the  line,  when  each  marches  to 
the  front.  At  the  command,  Halt,  given  when  the 
leading  file  (two  or  four)  has  advanced  company  dis- 
tance, it  halts  and  dresses  to  the  right,  the  other  files 
(twos  or  fours)  halt  and  dress  to  the  right  upon  arriv- 
ing in  the  line.  The  command,  Front,  is  given  when 
the  last  file  (two  or  four)  completes  its  dressing. 

"If  marching  in  double  or  quick  time,  the  director 
commands,  Guide  right,  immediately  after  the  com- 
mand, March;  the  leading  file  moves  to  the  front  in 
quick  time,  the  others  oblique  in  double  time,  each 
taking  the  quick  time  and  guiding  to  the  right  upon 
arriving  in  line."1 

The  movement  would  be  executed  in  the  same  man- 
ner for  columns  of  twos,  fours,  or  eights. 

(1)     Infantry  Drill  Regulations,  U.  S.  Army,  p.  76.     1904,  p.  71. 


Marching  in  column  of  files  (twos  or  fours),  to  form  a 
line  and  change  direction : — 

(69)     1.  On  left  (or  right)  into  line,  2.  March. 

"At  the  command,  March,  the  leading  file  (two  or 
four)  wheels  to  the  left  on  a  movable  pivot  and  moves 
forward,  dressing  to  the  left  (or  right) ;  each  of  the 
other  files  (twos  or  fours)  march  a  distance  equal  to  its 
front,  beyond  the  wheeling  point  of  the  file  (two  or 
four)  next  preceding,  wheels  to  the  left  (or  right)  and 
advances  as  explained  for  the  first  file  (two  or  four). 

32 


"At  the  command,  Halt,  given  when  the  leading  four 
has  advanced  a  short  distance  in  the  new  direction,  it 
halts  and  dresses  to  the  left  (or  right)  ;  the  other  fours 
halt  and  dress  as  they  arrive  in  line. 

"The  command,  Front,  is  given  when  the  last  four 
has  come  into  line  and  dressed."1 

In  case  Mark  time  is  given  the  men  do  not  dress, 
but  simply  guide  right. 

This  may  also  be  executed  in  double  time  as  in  Par. 
68. 

f   '   I   1  I  I    f  I  •   1   I  f  JU-L-U 


/ 


Marching  in  column  of  files  counted  off  in  triple  ones  and 
twos,  to  form  column  of  threes  by  a  flank  move- 
ment : — 

(70)     1.  By  the  left   (or  right)    flank  form  threes, 
2.  March. 

(1)     Infantry  Drill  Regulations,  U.  S.  Army,  p.  74.     1904,  p.  71. 

33 


At  the  command,  March,  the  first  set  of  ones  executes 
left  flank  (or  right)  as  indicated  by  the  command  and 
steps  off  in  the  new  direction ;  the  first  set  of  twos  con- 
tinues to  march  up  until  they  can  execute  left  (or 
right)  flank  on  the  same  ground  as  the  first  set  of  ones, 
and  having  executed  the  flank  movement  they,  too,  step 
off  in  the  new  direction,  following  the  first  set  of  ones. 
This  is  repeated  until  the  whole  column  of  files  is  con- 
verted into  a  column  of  threes.  This  movement  may 
also  be  executed  from  a  halt,  or  marking  time. 

Marching  in  columns  of  files  counted  off  in  fours,  to  form 
a  column  of  fours  by  a  flank  movement: — 

(71)     1.  By  the  left    (or  right)    flank   form   fours, 

2.  March. 

Executed  as  in  Par.  70,  except  that  the  unit  is  now 
a  set  of  fours. 


I 


Marching  in  column  of  files,  counted  off  in  triple  ones 
and  twos,  to  form  column  of  threes  without  chang- 
ing direction : — 


34 


(72)  1.  Form    threes,    left    (or    right)    oblique,    2. 

March. 

At  the  command,  March,  the  leading  man  in  each 
three  marks  time ;  the  rear  men  oblique  in  the  direction 
commanded  until  they  uncover  the  forward  man,  when 
they  move  to  the  front.  The  three  being  formed,  the 
regulation  step  is  resumed. 

Marching  in  column  of  files  counted  off  in  twos  or  fours, 
to  form  twos  or  fours  without  change  of  direc- 
tion : — 

(73)  1.  Form  twos  (or  fours)  left  oblique,  2.  March. 
At  the  command,  March,  numbers  one  and  three  mark 

time  until  numbers  two  and  four  have  obliqued  to  their 
sides,  respectively,  in  the  direction  commanded,  when 
the  march  is  resumed  by  twos.  In  case  of  fours,  num- 
ber one  marks  time  until  numbers  two,  three  and  four 
have  obliqued  to  his  side,  when  the  march  is  resumed 
by  fours. 

Column  of  fours  is  formed  from  column  of  twos  in 
the  same  manner. 

Marching  in  column  of  twos  (or  fours),  to  change  direc- 
tion to  the  left  (or  right)  : — 

(74)  1.  Column  left  (or  right),  2.  March. 

At  the  command,  March,  the  leading  rank  of  twos 
(or  fours)  wheels  ninety  degrees  to  the  left  (or  right) 
on  a  movable  pivot,  the  pivot  man  taking  steps  of  ten 
inches  in  quick  time  and  twelve  inches  in  double  time, 
gaining  ground  forward,  so  as  to  clear  the  wheeling 
point.  The  man  on  the  marching  flank  maintains  the 
full  step,  moving  on  the  arc  of  a  circle  with  the  pivot 

35 


man  as  a  center ;  the  men,  if  a  four,  dress  on  the  march- 
ing flank,  shorten  their  steps  according  to  their  distance 
from  it,  and  keep  their  intervals  from  the  pivot.  Upon 
completion  of  the  wheel,  the  leading  rank  resumes 
the  full  step,  and  succeeding  ranks  wheel  upon  the 
same  spot. 

Marching  in  column  of  twos  (or  fours),  to  change  direc- 
tion and  march  to  the  rear: — 

(75)  1.  Column  left  (or  right)  about,  2.  March. 
"The  pivot  man  acts  as  a  movable  pivot  in  this  case, 

turning  by  short  steps  through  half  a  small  circle 
(twenty  inches),  the  man  on  the  marching  flank  at  the 
end  of  the  line  describing  the  large  circle  takes  regula- 
tion steps,  the  pivot  turning  slowly  to  face  around  with 
him.  Having  faced  in  the  opposite  direction  the  head 
of  the  column  moves  off  in  the  new  direction,  each 
succeeding  two  (or  four)  wheeling  on  the  same 
ground."1 

Marching  in  column  of  twos  (or  fours),  to  march  by  the 
flank  in  line: — 

(76)  1.  Twos  (or  fours)  left  (or  right),  2.  March. 
At  the  command,  March,  numbers  two  and  four  act 

as  pivot  men,  numbers  one  and  three  wheeling  around 
by  regulation  steps,  as  described  in  Par.  44.  Upon 
coming  to  the  front  the  line  guides  to  right  and  con- 
tinues marching  in  the  new  direction.  If  in  fours, 
number  one  acts  as  a  pivot,  and  numbers  two,  three  and 
four  wheel  to  the  left  (or  right). 

Being  in  column  of  twos  (or  fours),  to  march  the  twos 
(or  fours)  to  the  rear: — 

(1)     Marching  for  Gymnastic  Use,  by  Halstcd,  p.   12. 

36 


(77)  1.  Twos    (or    fours)    left    (or    right)    about, 

2.  March. 

At  the  command,  March,  the  movement  is  executed 
the  same  as  Par.  76,  each  two  (or  four)  wheeling 
through  an  arc  of  180  degrees. 

Marching  in  column  of  twos,  to  change  direction  and 
form  column  of  fours : — 

(78)  1.  Column  left  (or  right)  form  fours,  2.  March. 
At  the  command,  March,  the  first  two  sets  of  twos 

execute  twos  left  (or  right)  and  march  to  the  front; 
the  next  two  sets  of  twos  continue  to  march  until  they 
can  execute  twos  left  upon  the  same  ground  as  did  the 
first  two  sets  of  twos ;  this  is  continued  until  the  column 
of  twos  is  converted  into  a  column  of  fours.1 


>       **** 
\       \\n 


(1)     Worked  out  by  A.  L.  Fish,  Fellow  '99-00,  at  Training  School. 

37 


Marching  in  column  of  twos  (threes  or  fours),  to  form  a 
line  without  change  of  direction: — 

(79)  1.  Left  (or  right)  front  into  line,  2.  March. 
This  command  is  executed  the  same  as  that  described 

for  column  of  files  (Par.  68). 

Marching  in  column  of  twos  (threes  or  fours),  to  form 
column  of  files : — 

(80)  1.  Left  (or  right)  by  files,  2.  March. 

At  the  command,  March,  the  left  (or  right)  man 
moves  forward,  the  other  marking  time  till  disengaged, 
when  he  obliques  into  line  behind  the  other  to  form  col- 
umn of  files  or  single  column.  Each  man  must  regulate 
his  step  so  as  to  keep  closed  as  nearly  as  possible  to 
facing  distance. 

Column  of  files  marching  down  the  center  of  the  gym- 
nasium, to  form  two  columns  of  files : — 

(81)  1.  Ones,  2.  Column  left  and  right,  alternating, 

3.  March. 

The  first  man  executes  column  left,  the  second  column 
right,  the  third  column  left,  and  so  on,  until  the  entire 
company  is  divided  into  two  columns  of  files,  marching 
around  the  outside  of  the  gymnasium.  A  column  of 
twos,  threes  or  fours  may  be  divided  into  two  columns 
of  twos,  threes  or  fours  in  the  same  manner,  by  chang- 
ing the  command  to  twos,  threes  or  fours  instead  of 
ones,  as  the  case  may  be.  If  it  is  desired  to  have  the 
two  columns  of  files  march  back  down  the  centre  of  the 
gymnasium,  the  command  should  be,  Column  left  and 
right  about,  alternating. 

38 


A 


J—L 


Two  columns  of  files  (twos  or  fours)  marching  toward 

each  other  at  the  end  of  a  gymnasium,  to  form  a 

column  of  files  (twos  or  fours)  : — 

(82)     1.  Column  left  and  right,  alternating,  2.  March. 

At  the  command,  March,  the  leading  file  (two  or 

four)  wheels  to  the  left  or  right  as  found  in  Par.  63, 

the  second  file  (two  or  four),  which  is  the  leading  file 

(two  or  four)  of  one  column,  immediately  following 

the  first  file  (two  or  four)  making  their  turn  as  nearly 

as  possible  on  the  same  ground  as  did  the  first  file  ( two 

or  four)  ;  this  alternating  of  files  (twos  or  fours)  is 

repeated  until  the  two  columns  have  been  converted  into 

one  column. 

Two  columns  of  files  (twos  or  fours)  marching  toward 
each  other  at  the  end  of  a  gymnasium,  to  form  a 
column  of  twos  (fours  or  eights)  : — 

39 


(83)     1.  Columns  left  and  right  form  twos  (fours  or 
eights),  2.  March. 

This  movement  is  executed  the  same  as  Par.  82, 
except  that  the  men  do  not  alternate,  so  forming  a 
column  of  twos  (fours  or  eights). 


vvw          v. 
ifff/          J 


f          ftJS 
\          \\\\ 


czxb 


rnn 


Marching  down  the  center  of  the  gymnasium  in  column 
of  twos  (fours  or  eights),  to  form  two  columns  of 
files  (twos  or  fours),  marching  around  outside  of 
gymnasium : — 

(84)     1.  Ones   (twos  or  fours),  2.  Column  left  and 
right,  3.  March. 

This  movement  is  executed  the  same  as  Par.  81, 
except  that  there  is  no  alternating,  the  first  set  of  twos 
simply  wheeling  apart,  one  file  (two  or  four)  going  left 
and  one  right  at  the  command,  March. 

40 


Marching  in  column  of  fours,  to  form  a  column  of  twos : — 

(85)  1.  Left  (or  right)  by  twos,  2.  March. 

"At  the  command.  March,  the  two  on  the  side  indi- 
cated in  the  command  move  straight  forward,  the  re- 
maining two  mark  time  till  disengaged,  when  they 
oblique  into  their  place  behind  the  others ;  the  march  is 
then  resumed  in  column  of  twos."1 

Marching  in  column  of  fours,  to  form  a  column  of  twos 
and  change  direction: — 

(86)  1.  Column  left  (or  right)  form  twos,  2.  March. 
At  the  command,  March,  each  set  of  twos  in  the  first 

four  wheels  to  the  left  (or  right)  and  marches  to  the 
front.    Each  succeeding  four  march  up  to  the  point  and 


fc   I   I 


(1)     Marching  for  Gymnastic  Use,  by  Halsted,  p.   13. 

41 


its  twos  wheel  as  in  the  case  of  the  first,  thus  converting 
the  column  of  fours  into  a  column  of  twos. 

Marching  in  column  of  fours,  to  form  a  line  to  the  left  (or 
right)  :— 

(87)  1.  Fours  left  (or  right),  2.  March. 

At  the  command,  March,  the  fours  wheel  to  the  left 
(or  right)  as  in  Pars.  45  and  76.  Upon  arriving  in 
line  the  march  to  the  front  is  taken  up,  guiding  right. 

Marching   in  line,   to   have   the   fours   wheel  left    (or 
right)  :— 

(88)  1.  Fours  left  (or  right)  circle,  2.  March. 

The  fours  wheel  to  the  left  (or  right)  as  in  Fours 
left,  through  360  degrees,  and  continue  until  the  move- 
ment is  changed.  This  is  a  valuable  movement  for 
teaching  the  fours  to  wheel  together. 

Marching  in  line  to  form  a  line  of  fours  in  column  of 
files  and  march  in  the  same  direction:1 — 

(89)  a.  1.  Fours  right  (or  left)  by  file,  2.  March. 
The  file  on  the  right  (or  left)  of  each  set  of  fours 

continues  to  march  straight  to  the  front.     The  others 
oblique  and  form  a  column  of  files. 
To  form  in  line  again. 

b.  1.  Form   fours   left    (or   right)    oblique,   2. 

March. 

The  leading  man  in  each  column  shortens  his  steps 
until  the  files  in  the  rear  come  up  on  the  line,  when  the 
company  takes  up  the  full  step  guiding  right. 

(1)     Worked  out  by  A.   E.  Metzdorf,  Student  Assistant,  'Q4-05. 

42 


Marching  in  column  of  fours,  to  form  column  of  files  by 
a  flank  movement: — 

(90)  1.  By  the  left  (or  right)  flank  in  file,  2.  March. 
This  command  is  executed  the  same  as  the  command 

to  form  fours  by  the  left  (or  right)  flank  (Par.  71). 

Marching  in  column  of  fours,  to  wheel  to  the  left  (or 
right)  and  march  to  the  front  in  column  of 
fours : — 

(91)  a.  1.  Fours  left  (or  right),  2.  Left  (or  right) 

forward  fours  left  (or  right),  3.  March. 
At  the  command,  March,  the  fours  execute  fours  left 
(or  right)  (Par.  45)  ;  the  left  (or  right)  set  of  fours 
marches  straight  to  the  front,  the  remaining  fours  upon 
coming  into  line,  wheel  to  the  left  (or  right)  and  follow 
the  first  set  of  fours  as  prescribed  in  left  (or  right)  for- 
ward fours  left  (or  right)  (Par.  46). 

b.  1.  Fours  left  (or  right),  2.  Right  (or  left) 
forward  fours  right  (or  left),  3.  March. 


43 


// 


44 


The  same  principles  apply  for  this  as  for  (a).  It  will 
be  noticed,  however,  that  this  movement  keeps  the 
original  leading  four  still  at  the  head  of  the  column, 
whereas  in  (a)  the  rear  four  becomes  the  head  of  the 
column,  (b)  thus  makes  a  pretty  variation  from  (a). 

Marching  in  columns  of  fours,  to  wheel  to  the  left  (or 
right)  and  march  to  the  rear : — 

(92)  1.  Fours  left  (or  right),  2.  March,  3.  To  the 

rear,  4.  March. 

At  the  command,  March,  the  company  executes  fours 
left  (or  right)  (Par.  45) ;  coming  into  line  the  com- 
mand, To  the  rear,  is  executed  (Par.  61). 

Marching  in  columns  of  fours,  to  wheel  to  the  left  (or 
right)  and  march  to  the  left  (or  right)  flank: — 

(93)  1.  Fours  left  (or  right),  2.  March,  3.  By  the 

left  (or  right)  flank,  4.  March. 
At  the  command,  March,  the  company  executes  fours 
left  (or  right)   (Par.  45).    Upon  coming  into  line  the 
flank  movement  is  executed  (Par.  65). 

Marching  in  column  of  fours,  to  wheel  to  the  left  (or 
right)  and  march  by  the  left  (or  right)  flank  by 
twos : — 

(94)  1.  Fours   left    (or    right),    2.  Twos    left    (or 

right),  3.  March. 

At  the  command,  March,  the  company  executes  fours 
left  (or  right)  (Par.  45).  Upon  coming  into  line  twos 
left  (or  right)  is  executed  (Par.  76),  forming  a  col- 
umn of  twos. 

45 


Marching  in  column  of  fours,  to  close  up: — 

(95)  1.  Close  in  mass,  2.  March. 

At  the  command,  March,  the  leading  four  marks 
time,  the  other  fours  close  up  to  facing  distance  and 
mark  time.  The  march  is  resumed  at  the  command, 
1.  Forward,  2.  March.  Any  of  the  flank  movements,  to 
the  rear,  obliques,  etc.,  may  be  executed  in  this  forma- 
tion. 

The  column  of  fours  having  closed  in  mass,  to  take  full 
distance : — 

(96)  1.  Take  full  distance,  2.  Forward,  3.  March. 
The  leading  fours  move  off  in  full  step  at  the  com- 
mand, March.     The  last  fours  mark  time  and  move 
forward  in  short  steps  until  they  have  gained  full  dis- 
tance in  column  of  fours. 

Marching  in  column  of  eights,  to  close  to  distance  of 
fours : — 

(97)  1.  Close  to  distance  of  fours,  2.  March. 

At  the  command,  March,  the  leading  fours  take 
short  steps.  As  soon  as  the  rear  fours  have  closed  suffi- 
ciently the  instructor  commands,  Forward,  March. 

Marching  in  column  of  fours,  to  bring  the  rear  sets  of 
fours  to  the  front  without  change  of  direction: — 

(98)  1.  Rear  fours  in  front,  2.  Fours  left  and  right 

wheel,  3.  March. 

The  fours  should  be  numbered  off  by  twos.  At  the 
command,  March,  the  fours  numbered  one  execute  a 
two-thirds  of  a  circle  to  the  left  on  movable  pivot,  those 
numbered  two  execute  two-thirds  of  a  circle  to  the  right, 

46 


a  v 


>  I   »      • 

••4/  , : 


47 


and  mark  time,  thus  forming  a  lane  the  width  of  a  set  of 
fours ;  the  last  set  of  fours  completes  the  full  circle  and 
marches  down  the  lane  thus  formed;  each  set  of  fours 
falls  in  behind  the  rear  set  of  fours,  which  is  now  to  be 
at  the  head  of  the  column,  as  soon  as  they  are  passed. 
This  brings  the  fours  that  were  at  the  rear  to  the  front 
of  the  column. 

Marching  in  column  of  fours,  to  bring  the  rear  set  of 
fours  to  the  front  and  back  to  the  rear  again  with- 
out change  of  direction : — • 

(99)  1.  Rear  fours  front  and  rear,  2.  Fours  left  and 

right  wheel,  3.  March. 

This  is  simply  a  continuation  of  Par.  98.  As  soon 
as  the  rear  four  has  marched  through  the  lane  to  the 
front,  it  wheels  to  the  left;  the  second  four  marches 
through  and  wheels  to  the  right.  The  original  leading 
four  finally  marches  through  and  does  not  wheel;  the 
other  fours  wheel  in  together,  so  resuming  their  original 
order.  This  movement  requires  considerable  space,  and 
will  probably  only  be  useful  for  fancy  marching  with  a 
comparatively  small  company. 

Marching  in  column  of  eights,  to  bring  the  rear  sets  of 
eights  to  the  front  without  changing  direction: — 

(100)  1.  Rear  eights  in  front,  2.  Fours  left  and  right 

wheel,  3.  March. 

At  the  command,  March,  the  fours  of  all  the  eights 
wheel  to  the  left  and  right,  as  indicated,  except  the  last 
set,  which  marches  straight  to  the  front.  As  it  passes, 
the  other  fours  wheel  in,  reforming  their  eight,  and  fol- 
low down  through  the  lane,  so  reversing  the  order  of 
the  eights. 

48 


fl- 


I 


Marching  in  column  of  eights,  to  bring  the  rear  set  of 
eights  to  the  front  and  back  to  the  rear  again  with- 
out changing  direction: — 

(101)  1.  Rear  eights  front  and  rear,  2.  Fours  left  and 

right  wheel,  3.  March. 

This  is  a  continuation  of  Par.  100.  The  last  eight, 
after  marching  through,  wheels  by  fours  as  indicated, 
and  the  original  leading  eight  marches  through  and 
becomes  the  head  of  the  column. 

Marching  down  the  center  of  the  gymnasium  in  column 
of  eights,  to  form  two  lines,  marching  outward : — 

(102)  1.  Fours  left  and  right,  2.  March. 

At  the  command,  March,  the  fours  of  each  eight 
wheel  to  the  left  and  right,  as  designated,  as  if  simply 
in  a  column  of  fours.  Upon  completing  the  wheel  the 
march  outward  is  taken  up,  guiding  right  without  clos- 
ing in.  The  movement  may  of  course  be  executed  from 
column  of  twos  or  fours,  but  it  looks  best  when  exe- 
cuted from  eights.  It  is  well  then  to  have  had  the 
eights  close  up  to  distance  of  fours.  (See  Par.  97). 


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Two  lines  marching  toward  each  other  at  the  center  of  the 
gymnasium,  to  form  a  column  of  eights : — 

(103)     1.  Fours  left  and  right  form  eights,  2.  March. 

The  instructor  should  be  careful  to  give  the  command 
in  time.  It  is  a  movement  that  often  causes  confusion, 
as  the  men  persist  in  forgetting  which  way  they  should 
go.  It  is,  however,  a  very  pretty  movement  when  exe- 
cuted properly.  Confusion  may  be  avoided  if  the  leader 
will  be  careful  to  remember,  himself,  which  is  the  head 
of  his  column,  and  make  it  the  general  practice  to 
give  the  command  which  he  wishes  that  four  to  do, 


right  or  left,  as  the  case  may  be,  first.  He  can  then 
form  the  two  lines  from  the  column  of  eights,  march 
them  to  the  side  of  the  gymnasium,  bring  them  back 
by  giving,  "To  the  rear,"  or  "Fours  left  and  right 
about,"  and  reform  the  column  of  eights  in  the  center  of 
the  gymnasium.  In  general  practice,  however,  I  have 
found  it  simpler  to  make  an  arbitrary  ruling  that  the 
fours  shall  always  wheel  so  as  to  march  towards  a  cer- 
tain end  of  the  gymnasium  when  coming  together  in 
the  center  and  wheel  towards  the  other  end  of  the  gym- 
nasium at  the  sides. 


\ 


Marching  down  the  center  of  the  gymnasium  in  column 
of  eights,  to  march  the  fours  to  the  rear: — 

(104)     1.  Fours,  2.  Left  and  right  about,  3.  March. 

At  the  command,  March,  the  fours  wheel  outward,  as 
designated  through  an  arc  of  180  degrees,  just  as  if  exe- 
cuting fours  left  (or  right)  about.  The  eight  may 
then  be  reformed  by  the  command,  1.  Fours,  2.  Left 
and  right  about,  3.  Form  eights,  4.  March.  Or  if  de- 
sired, each  column  of  fours  may  now  be  divided  into 
two  columns  of  twos  by  the  command,  1.  Twos,  2.  Left 
and  right  about,  3.  March.  The  fours  may  then  be  re- 
formed by  the  command,  1.  Twos,  2.  Left  and  right 
about,  3.  Form  fours,  4.  March;  or  the  columns  of 
twos  may  be  divided  into  columns  of  files  by  the  com- 
mand as  above,  1.  Ones,  2.  Left  and  right  about,  3. 
March. 

It  makes  a  nice  series  to  form  the  files  from  eights 
in  this  way  and  then  gradually  reform  the  eights. 


53 


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54 


Marching  down  the  center  of  the  gymnasium  in  column 
of  eights,  to  march  the  columns  of  fours  to  the 
rear : — 

(105)     1.  Fours,  2.  Column  left  and  right  about,  3. 
March. 

This  is  just  the  same  movement  as  the  above  (Par. 
104),  except  that  here  the  movement  is  done  in  col- 
umn, where  before  the  fours  wheeled.  This  is  capa- 
ble of  the  same  variations  as  the  above,  the  commands 
being  exactly  the  same,  except  for  the  insertion  of  the 
word  "column." 


55 


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Marching  in  column  of  eights,  counted  off  in  fours  or 
eights,  to  march  half  the  men  to  the  rear : — 

(106)  1.  Odd     (even)     numbers,    2.  To    the    rear, 

3.  March. 

The  odd  numbers  execute  "to  the  rear"  in  the  or- 
dinary way.  In  this  manner  the  company  may  be 
countermarched  back  and  forth,  producing  a  very  pretty 
effect.  The  column  of  eights  is  reformed  as  the  squads 
countermarch  by  giving  one  of  them  "to  the  rear"  at 
the  proper  time. 

Marching  in  Double  Rank. 

Practically  all  the  movements  of  single  rank  march- 
ing may  be  executed  in  double  rank,  and  are  executed  in 
the  same  way.  A  file  here  means  two  men,  the  front  and 
rear  rank  man.  Most  of  the  difficulty  of  double  rank 
marching  may  be  overcome  if  the  instructor  will  simply 
impress  upon  his  men  the  fact  that  the  rear  rank  man 
always  follows  his  front  rank  man.  When  marching  in 
column  the  rear  rank  should  fall  back  to  forty-four  inches, 
and  close  up  to  facing  distance  of  sixteen  inches  whenever 
the  fours  wheel  into  line.  Only  those  movements  will  be 
mentioned  here  which  need  to  be  specially  described  for 
a  double  rank.  Otherwise,  the  usual  command  and  ex- 
planation for  single  rank  marching  will  be  understood  to 
apply. 

Being  in  column  of  files,  to  form  double  rank : — 

(107)  1.  In  two  ranks  form  company,  2.  March. 
"At  the  command,  March,  the  man  in  front  faces  to 

57 


the  left,  the  second  man  places  himself  in  the  rear  rank, 
covering  the  man  in  front ;  the  remaining  men  close  and 
form  alternately  in  the  front  and  rear  rank,  each  facing 
to  the  front  upon  arriving  in  his  place."1 

Being  in  double  rank  at  a  halt,  to  count  off  in  fours : — 

(108)  1.  Count,  2.  Fours. 

Executed  just  as  in  single  rank,  the  rear  rank  man 
calling  the  same  number  as  the  man  in  front  of  him. 

Marching  in  column  of  fours,  to  change  direction  and 
march  to  the  rear : — 

(109)  1.  Fours  left   (or  right)   about,  2.  March. 
"At  the  command,  March,  each  four  wheels  180  de- 
grees to  the  left  (or  right),  as  prescribed  for  fours  left 
(or  right).     The  men  on  the  marching  flank  of  the 
rear  rank  of  each  four  preserves  his  distance,  the  man 
on  the  pivot  flank  closes  up  to  his  file  leader,  covers  him 
during  the  wheel,  and  on  its  completion  falls  back  to 
his  proper  distance."2 

Marching  in  column  of  fours,  to  form  column  of  twos : — 

(110)  1.  Left  (or  right)  by  twos,  2.  March. 

"At  the  first  command  the  rear  rank  of  each  four 
closes  to  facing  distance,  at  the  command,  March,  the 
two  files  on  the  left  of  each  four  move  forward;  the 
two  files  on  the  right  mark  time  till  disengaged,  when 
they  oblique  to  the  right  and  follow  the  left  files."3 

"The  distance  between  ranks  in  column  of  twos  is 
facing  distance." 

(1)  Infantry  Drill  Regulations,  U.   S.  Army,  p.   65.      1904,  p.   63. 

(2)  Infantry  Drill  Regulations,  U.   S.   Army,  p.   74.      1904,  p.  47. 

(3)  Infantry  Drill  Regulations,  U.   S.  Army,  pp.   78,  79.        1904,  p.  45. 

58 


Marching  in  column  of  fours,  to  form  column  of  files 
without  change  of  direction: — 

(111)  1.  Left  (or  right)  by  files,  2.  March. 

"At  the  first  command,  the  rear  rank  of  each  four 

closes  to  facing  distance ;  at  the  command,  March,  the 

left  file  of  the  leading  four  moves  forward,  followed 

in  succession  by  the  files  on  its  right ;  when  the  right  file 

of  the  leading  four  is  about  to  commence  to  oblique, 

the  left  file  of  the  second  four  moves  to  the  front  and 

so  on  to  the  rear  of  the  column,  the  men  keeping  closed 

as  nearly  as  possible  to  facing  distance."1 

Marching  in  column  of  fours,  to  form  a  line  and  march 

by  the  left  (or  right)  flank: — 

(112)  1.  Fours  left  (or  right),  2.  March. 

"At  the  command,  March,  the  fours  wheel  to  the  left, 
the  rear  rank  of  each  four  closes  to  facing  distance 
during  the  wheel,  and  if  in  double  time,  takes  the  dis- 
tance of  thirty-six  inches,  should  the  line  advance  on 
the  completion  of  the  wheel. 

"The  guide  is  announced  or  the  command,  Halt,  is 
given,  the  instant  the  fours  unite  in  line."2 
Marching  in  double  rank,  to  march  by  the  flank  in  column 
of  fours: — 

(113)  1.  Fours  left  (or  right),  2.  March. 

"At  the  command,  March,  the  front  rank  of  each 
four  wheels  ninety  degrees  to  the  left  on  a  fixed  pivot, 
the  pivot  man  turning  strictly  in  his  place ;  the  man  on 
the  marching  flank  maintains  the  full  step,  moving  on 
the  arc  of  a  circle  with  the  pivot  man  as  a  center ;  the 

(1)  Infantry  Drill  Regulations,  U.   S.  Army,  pp.   78,  79.       1904,  p.  45. 

(2)  Infantry  Drill  Regulations,  U.   S.  Army,  p.   74.      1904,  p.  46. 

59 


men  dress  on  the  marching  flank,  shorten  the  steps 
according  to  their  distance  from  it,  and  keep  their  in- 
tervals from  the  pivot. 

'The  rear  rank  men  cover  their  file  leaders  and  con- 
form to  their  movements.  Upon  the  completion  of  the 
wheel,  the  front  rank  of  each  four  takes  the  full  step, 
marching  in  a  direction  parallel  to  the  former  front 
rank  of  the  company;  the  rear  rank  shortens  the  step 
until  it  gains  the  distance  of  forty- four  inches;  the 
front  rank  of  the  second  four  is  forty- four  inches  from 
the  rear  rank  of  the  first  four,  and  so  on  to  the  rear  of 
the  column."1 

Methods  of  Getting  on  the  Floor  for 
Calisthenic  Work. 

Being  in  line  at  a  halt  and  counted  off  by  fours,  to  take 
distance : — 

(114)  1.  Front  take  distance,  2.  March. 

"At  the  command,  March,  number  ones  remain  in 
place,  number  twos  take  four  steps,  number  threes  take 
two  steps,  and  number  fours  take  six  steps."8 

This  style  of  putting  men  on  the  floor  is  good  for  a 
small  number  of  men. 

After  the  drill  to  assemble  into  line  again : — 

(115)  1.  Assemble,  2.  March. 

At  the  command,  March,  those  in  the  front  stand 
fast,  the  others  move  forward  to  their  places  in  the 

(1)  Infantry  Drill  Regulations,  U.  S.  Army,  pp.  69,  70.       1904,  p.  46. 

(2)  Marching  for  Gymnastic  Use,  by  Halsted,  p.   7. 

60 


line,  each  line  waiting  till  those  behind  have  come 
abreast  before  starting.  Or  it  may  be  done  by  having 
each  line  start  forward  at  the  command,  March. 

To  open  order  from  a  column  of  twos : — 

(116)  1.  Open  order,  2.  March. 

"In  executing  this  command  the  company  should  be 
counted  off  in  double  ones  and  twos ;  the  first  two  men 
take  the  number  one,  the  third  and  fourth  men  take  the 
number  two,  and  the  fifth  and  sixth  men  take  the  num- 
ber one,  etc. 

"At  the  command,  March,  number  ones  take  one  side- 
step outward,  number  twos  take  one  side-step  outward, 
then  on  the  second  count,  number  ones  take  one  step  to 
the  left,  number  twos  one  step  to  the  right."1 

To  secure  precision  of  execution  count  two  after  giv- 
ing the  command,  March,  which  should  count  as  one. 

To  close  order  after  the  work  (or  drill)  : — 

(117)  1.  Close  order,  2.  March. 

"At  the  command,  March,  number  ones  take  one 
side-step  to  the  left  (or  right)  and  number  twos  take 
one  side-step  to  the  right  (or  left),  then  all  take  two 
steps  inward. 

"Count  as  in  opening  order  for  precision."* 

To  open  order  from  a  column  of  threes : — 

(118)  1.  Open  order,  2.  March. 

The  company  should  be  counted  off  in  triple  ones  and 
twos  and  formed  into  a  column  of  threes. 

(1)  Marching  for  Gymnastic  Use,  by  Halsted,  p.  16. 

(2)  Marching  for  Gymnastic  Use,  by  Halsted,  p.   16. 

61 


At  the  command,  March,  the  two  outside  columns 
take  three  steps  outward  at  the  count  of  the  instructor, 
the  middle  column  stands  fast;  on  the  fourth  count  all 
of  number  ones  take  one  side-step  to  the  left,  and  all  of 
number  twos  take  one  side-step  to  the  right. 

To  close  order  after  the  drill : — 

(119)  1.  Close  order,  2.  March. 

The  instructor  should  count  to  close  order  the  same 
as  in  open  order. 

At  the  command,  March,  which  will  correspond  to 
number  one,  all  of  number  ones  take  one  step  to  the 
right  and  all  of  number  twos  take  one  step  to  the  left, 
and  on  counts  two,  three  and  four,  the  outside  columns 
take  three  steps  inward  to  the  middle  column  which  in 
the  last  three  counts  stands  fast. 

Marching  in  column  of  files  counted  off  in  fours,  to  take 
intervals : — 

(120)  1.  By  the  left    (or  right)    flank   form   fours, 

2.  Open  order,  3.  March. 

At  the  command,  March,  the  leading  four  will  exe- 
cute the  flank  movement,  as  indicated  in  the  command. 
They  will  then  immediately  take  their  distance  by  rais- 
ing the  arms  to  side  horizontal  and  march  to  the  front 
till  the  command,  Halt  or  mark  time  is  given.  The 
second  four  men  continue  the  march  till  they  can  exe- 
cute the  flank  movement  on  the  same  ground  as  did  the 
first  four,  they  then  follow  the  first  four.  This  is  re- 
peated till  the  whole  column  of  files  have  taken  their  in- 
tervals on  the  floor. 

62 


Being  at  regulation  distance  on  the  floor,  to  close  order : — 

(121)  1.  Forward,  close  order,  2.  March. 

At  the  command,  March,  the  men  close  the  distance 
by  marching  into  close  dress  position,  forming  a  col- 
umn of  fours. 

This  method  of  opening  order  can  be  modified  by 
having  the  men  upon  executing  the  first  command 
continue  to  march  till  all  have  formed  into  a  column 
of  fours,  then  the  second  part  of  the  command  is  given. 
Numbers  one  and  two  left  face,  and  three  and  four 
right  face.  One  and  four  take  nine  steps,  two  and  three 
take  three  steps  in  the  direction  they  face.  They  then 
halt  and  face  to  the  front. 
Being  in  column  of  fours,  to  take  intervals : — 

(122)  1.  To    the    left    (or    right)    take    intervals, 

2.  March. 

"Having  brought  the  column  of  fours  up  to  the  side 
of  the  room  and  halted  them,  and  having  assigned  to 
the  three  men  on  the  side  toward  which  the  movement 
is  to  be  executed  the  intervals,  nine,  six  and  three  paces, 
or  one,  two,  three  and  four  paces,  the  above  command  is 
executed  as  follows : — 

"At  the  command,  March,  the  three  men  who  are  to 
take  intervals  turn  and  march,  each  his  required  dis- 
tance and  then  face  forward;  the  fourth  man  remains 
in  place/'1 
Being  at  intervals  on  the  floor,  to  assemble: — 

(123)  1.  To  the  left  (or  right)  assemble,  2.  March. 
"At  the  command,  March,  the  man  on  the  side  to 

which  the  men  are  commanded  to  assemble  stands  fast, 

(1)     Infantry  Drill  Regulations,  U.  S.  Army,  p.  24.     1904,  p.  42. 

63 


the  rest  turn  and  march  to  within  facing  distance  and 
face  forward."1 
Being  in  line  in  double  rank  at  a  halt,  to  take  intervals : — 

(124)  1.  To    the    left    (or    right)     take    intervals, 

2.  March. 

"At  the  first  command  the  rear  rank  steps  back  four 
paces ;  at  the  command,  March,  the  man  on  the  right  of 
each  rank  stands  fast,  the  other  men  step  to  the  left, 
each  man  halting  faced  to  the  front,  when  he  has  the 
proper  interval."2 
Being  at  intervals,  to  assemble : — 

(125)  1.  To  the  left  (or  right)  assemble,  2.  March. 
"At  the  command,  March,  the  front  rank  man  on  the 

left  (or  right)  stands  fast,  the  other  men  close  to  their 
proper  places."8 

Being  in  line  in  double  rank  at  a  halt  and  having  counted 
fours,  to  take  distance : — 

(126)  1.  Front  take  distance,  2.  March. 

"At  the  command,  March,  number  one  of  each  four 
of  the  front  rank  moves  straight  to  the  front,  number 
two  moves  off  as  soon  as  number  one  has  advanced  the 
specified  distance  (two  paces)  ;  numbers  three  and 
four  move  off  in  succession  in  like  manner.  The  rear 
rank  executes  what  has  been  prescribed  for  the  front 
rank,  number  one  moving  off  as  soon  as  number  four  of 
the  front  rank  has  advanced  two  paces.  The  proper 
distance  being  attained,  Squad  (or  company)  halt,  is 
given."4 

(1)  Infantry  Drill  Regulations,  U.  S.  Army,  p.  55.  1904,  p.  42. 

(2)  Infantry  Drill  Regulations,  U.  S.  Army,  p.  24.  1904,  p.  42. 

(3)  Infantry  Drill  Regulations,  U.  S.  Army,  p.  55.  1904,  p.  42. 

(4)  Infantry  Drill  Regulations,  U.  S.  Army,  p.  55.  1904,  p.  43. 

64 


To  assemble  after  drill : — 

(127)  1.  Assemble,  2.  March. 

"Number  one  of  front  rank  stands  fast,  the  other 
men  move  forward  and  close  in  their  proper  places."1 

Being  in  line  counted  off  by  fours,  to  open  files : — 

(128)  1.  Company,    front    open    files    four    paces, 

2.  March. 

Each  pupil  will  multiply  his  own  number  by  the 
number  of  paces  given  in  the  command.  At  the  com- 
mand, March,  he  will  then  take  that  number  of  steps 
straight  to  the  front,  and  come  to  a  halt. 

To  bring  the  pupils  back  to  a  line  give  the  following  com- 
mand : — 

(129)  1.  Front  close  files,  2.  March. 

"At  the  command,  March,  number  fours  stand  fast, 
while  numbers  one,  two  and  three  march  to  the  front, 
until  they  are  in  line  with  number  four."* 

Marching  in  column  of  files  counted  off  in  sixes,  to  open 
order : — 

(130)  1.  Sixes  to  the  left    (or  right)    open  order, 

2.  March. 

"In  the  figure  the  line  A.  B.  represents  a  file  of 
scholars  marching  in  the  direction  of  the  arrow  C. 
Number  one  turns  to  the  left  and  marches  in  the  direc- 
tion of  the  arrow  D. ;  he  is  followed  by  numbers  two, 
three,  four,  five  and  six,  who  fall  back  from  each  other 
about  five  or  six  paces.  When  the  first  six  files  have 
reached  the  required  distance,  they  execute  a  left  face, 

(1)  Infantry  Drill  Regulations,  U.  S.  Army,  p.  56.      1904,  p.  43. 

(2)  Light  Gymnastics,  by  Wm.  G.  Anderson,  p.  32. 

65 


and  march  in  the  direction  of  the  arrow  E. ;  they  are 
followed  in  turn  by  the  second  six  files,  and  so  on  un- 
til all  the  original  file  of  pupils  have  opened  order 
and  are  marching  in  the  direction  of  the  arrow  E.  The 
director  gives  the  command,  Halt,  when  the  first  six 
have  marched  to  the  front  of  the  hall,  the  other  sixes 
will  stop  at  any  specified  number  of  paces  from  the  six 
next  in  front  of  them."1 

0  D 


0 

0 
Q 
0 
0 


D 


a  n  n  o  a  a 


(1)     Light  Gymnastics,  by  Wm.  G.  Anderson,  p.  33. 

66 


To  bring  the  pupils  back  to  single  file  give  the  com- 
mand : — 

(131)  1.  Right    face,    2.  Forward,    3.  Close    order, 

4.  March. 

"When  numbers  two,  three,  four,  five  and  six  will 
march  back  of  number  one,  in  which  case  the  first  set 
can  march  in  any  given  direction  to  be  followed  by  the 
others  in  their  turn."1 

Marching  in  column  of  files  counted  off  by  sixes,  to  take 
intervals : — 

(132)  1.  Sixes  to  the  left  (or  right)  take  intervals, 

2.  March. 

"At  the  command,  March,  number  one  of  the  first 
set  of  sixes  stands  fast,  number  two  marches  by  the 
left  (or  right)  flank  until  he  is  far  enough  away  from 
number  one  so  that  he  cannot  interfere  with  him  when 
his  arms  are  at  half  abduction;  he  then  faces  to  the 
right  and  comes  to  a  halt.  Number  three  marches  up  to 
number  one,  then  follows  number  two  until  his  specified 
distance  is  reached  beyond  number  two ;  he  then  faces 
to  the  front  and  halts.  This  is  repeated  till  all  of  the 
first  set  of  sixes  have  taken  their  intervals.  Number 
one  of  the  second  set  of  sixes  marches  to  within  five  or 
seven  feet  of  number  one  of  the  first  set  of  sixes, 
and  stands  fast;  numbers  two,  three,  four,  five  and 
six  execute  the  movement  as  prescribed  for  the  first  six. 
This  is  repeated  until  the  whole  column  of  sixes  is  ar- 
ranged on  the  floor  for  calisthenic  work."2 

This  method  is  perhaps  more  used  than  any  other  by 

(1)  Light  Gymnastics,  by  Wm.  G.  Anderson,  p.  33. 

(2)  Worked  out  by  A.  L.  Fish. 

67 


most  Young  Men's  Christian  Associations,  as  it  is  par- 
ticularly simple  and  useful. 


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. •?.?..?.  .9. 


Being  on  the  floor  at  intervals,  to  close  order: — 
(133)     1.  Left  (or  right)  by  file,  2.  March. 

"At  the  command,  March,  number  one  of  the  first 
set  of  sixes  marches  straight  to  the  front,  the  remaining 
five  march  by  the  left  (or  right)  flank  and  follow  num- 
ber one  in  file;  after  the  last  man  of  the  first  set  of 
sixes  has  come  into  file,  number  one  of  the  second  set 
follows.  This  is  repeated  until  the  class  is  all  in 
column  of  files."1 

(1)     Worked  out  by  A.  L.  Fish. 

68 


Marching  in  column  of  eights,  to  open  order : — 

(134)  1.  Fours  left  and  right  about,  2.  March. 

"At  the  command,  March,  the  set  of  four  on  the  right 
flank  of  the  eight,  with  number  one  acting  as  a  pivot 
man,  makes  a  right  wheel  of  180  degrees  and  steps  off 
in  the  new  direction ;  the  set  of  fours  on  the  left  side  of 
the  eight,  with  number  four  acting  as  pivot  man,  makes 
a  left  wheel  of  180  degrees,  and  steps  off  in  the  new 
direction;  then  the  command,  1.  Twos  left  and  right 
about,  executed  as  prescribed  for  fours;  then  follows 
the  command,  2.  Ones  left  and  right  about,  executed  as 
prescribed  for  fours."1 

The  close  order  is  just  the  reverse  of  that  which  is 
given  for  open  order. 

Being  in  column  of  files,  counted  in  fives,  to  open  order : — 

(135)  1.  Open  order,  2.  March. 

At  the  command,  March,  the  numbers  three  should 
stand  fast;  numbers  two  and  four  march  outward  in 
front  of  numbers  one  and  five  in  a  circular  manner  to  a 
position  one  pace  outside  of  numbers  one  and  five. 
Numbers  one  and  five  then  march  outward  in  a  similar 
manner  to  a  position  two  paces  outside  of  numbers 
two  and  four.  This  movement  may  be  varied  in  a  num- 
ber of  ways,  as  the  instructor  will  readily  see. 

To  close  order  is  just  the  reverse  of  that  given  above 
for  open  order. 

(1)     Worked  out  by  A.  L.  Fish. 


69 


Bibliography. 

Marching  for  Gymnastic  Use.  By  Alfred  T.  Halsted.  Pub- 
lished by  The  Triangle  Publishing  Co.,  Springfield,  Mass.,  1894. 

Infantry  Drill  Regulations,  U.  S.  Army,  1891.  Published  by 
D.  Appleton  &  Co.,  New  York. 

Light  Gymnastics.  By  Wm.  G.  Anderson,  M.  D.  Published 
by  Maynard,  Merrill  &  Co.,  New  York,  1893. 

Literature  that  Dr.  McCurdy,  Mr.  Fish,  and  writer  worked  out 
in  the  past  two  years  bearing  directly  on  the  subject. 

Fundamental  and  Accessory  Groups  of  Muscles  in  Gymnastics 
and  Athletics.  Thesis  by  Mr.  Clifford  T.  Booth,  Class  of  1900. 

Physical  Exercise  for  Boys.  Thesis  by  Mr.  J.  E.  Sullivan, 
Class  of  1902. 

An  Anthropometric  Study  of  Training  School  Students.  Thesis 
by  Mr.  F.  B.  Wise,  Class  of  1902. 


Fancy  Steps. 

J.  H.  McCuRDY,  M.  D. 

Rhythmic  gymnastics  have  an  interest  inherent  in 
themselves;  physiologically  they  call  into  action  the 
large  muscles  of  the  leg  and  trunk.  The  following 
series  of  rhythmic  exercises  are  suggested  for  use  in 
classes  of  moderate  gymnastic  ability.  Many  combina- 
tions will  suggest  themselves  to  the  teacher  which  have 
not  been  included  in  this  group  of  exercises.  The  ele- 
ments necessary  for  this  series  are:  the  change  step, 
the  toe  points,  the  toe  touches,  the  heel  points,  the  heel 
touches,  and  the  hops.  These  exercises  may  be  done  in 
company  front  position,  with  the  hands  clasped  in  front 
of  or  behind  the  body,  or  in  columns  of  twos  or  fours. 

For  definitions  of  terms  used  not  found  in  this  man- 
ual, see  "Calisthenic  Dictionary"  published  by  The 
Seminar  Publishing  Co.,  Springfield,  Mass. 

Exercises. 

1.  Change  step  forward  left  and  right  alternating. 

2.  Change  step  backward  left  and  right  alternating. 

3.  Toe  touch  forward,  change  step  forward  left  and 

right  alternating. 

4.  Toe  touch  forward,  change  step  backward  left 

and  right  alternating. 

71 


5.  Toe  touch  backward,  change  step  forward  alter- 

nating left  and  right. 

6.  Toe    touch    backward,    change    step    backward 

alternating  left  and  right. 

7.  Cross  toe  touch  forward,  change  step  forward 

alternating  left  and  right. 

8.  Cross  toe  touch  forward,  change  step  backward 

alternating  left  and  right. 

9.  Cross  toe  touch  backward,  change  step  forward 

alternating  left  and  right. 

10.  Cross  toe  touch  backward,  change  step  backward 

alternating  left  and  right. 
11-21.     Oblique  change  steps  are  added  to  the  exercises 

1-10  inclusive. 
22-32.     A  hop  is  added  at  the  end  of  the  change  step, 

while  the  rear  leg  is  swung  forward. 
33-43.     A  hop  is  added  at  the  end  of  the  change  step  with 

the  swinging  leg  left  behind  the  supporting 

leg. 
44-87.     All  of  the  above  exercises  may  be  done  with  the 

toe  points  in  place  of  the  toe  touches. 

(1)  The   side  toe  points  and  toe  touches  may  be   used  in  most  of  the 
above  exercises.     They  work  the  best  in  columns  of  twos  using  the  outside 
foot. 

(2)  The  changes  and  kneeling  exercises  may  be  used  with  many  of  the 
numbers. 

(3)  Exercises  22-43  inclusive  may  also  be  done  with  oblique  change  step. 

(4)  All  change  steps  may  be  preceded  by  a  double  toe  touch  or  by  two 
toe  touches,  with  a  leg  swing  between;  for  example,  forward  toe  touch  leg 
swing  backward,  backward  toe  touch  change  step  forward. 


72 


Index. 

Paragraph 

Assemble: 

To  the  front 115 

Double  rank 129 

To  the  side 123 

Double  rank 125 

As  you  were 6 

At  ease 83 

Attention 80 

Backward  march 52 

Break  ranks 42 

By  the  flank: 

And  form  fours 71 

And  form  threes 76 

And  halt 66 

From  a  halt 55 

In  file 90 

Marching  or  marking  time 65 

Cadence 26,  27,  28 

Change  step 60 

Changing  direction  in  column : 

About 64 

From  a  halt  (files) 57 

Marching  (files) 63 

Of  twos 74 

About 75 

Close  in  mass 95 

Close  order : 

For  fours 121 

For  threes 119 

For  twos 117 

Close  to  distance  of  fours 97 

Column  dividing  around  sides  of  gymnasium 81,  82 

Forming  twos 83 

Column  left,  form  fours 78 

73 


Paragraph 

Column  left,  form  twos 86 

Commands 6 

Common  time 28 

Company  front  open  files 128 

Front  close  files 129 

Company  left 47 

Count  off 39 

Counting: 

Twos,  threes  or  fours 38 

Double  ones  or  twos 40 

Double  rank 108 

Double  time 27 

Dressing 31,  32 

Eights,  fours  left  and  right  about 134 

Facing  distance 11 

Facings : 

About 37 

Half  left 36 

Left 35 

Fall  in  column 34 

Fall  in  line 29 

Fives,  to  open  order 135 

Fours,  left  and  right  about 105 

Fours,  column  left  and  right  about 105 

Fours,  left  and  right 102 

From  eight 103 

Fours  left 45,  87 

By  the  left  flank 93 

To  the  rear 92 

Twos  left 94 

Fours  left,  left  forward,  fours  left 91 

Fours  left  wheel 88 

Fours  right  by  file 89 

Forming  company,  double  rank 107 

Forward  march 43,  49 

Double  time 50 

Short  steps 51 

74 


Paragraph 

Forward  march  taken  up 15 

Front  take  distance 114 

Double  rank 126 

General  rules , 1-25 

Guide 12 

Guide  in  obliquing 17 

Halting 58,  59 

Hand  apparatus,  to  take 18 

Left  by  files 80 

Double  rank Ill 

Left  by  twos 85 

Double  rank 110 

Left  forward,  fours  left 46 

Left  front  into  line 68,  79 

Left  turn 48 

Marching  flank 13,  14 

Mark  time 41 

Oblique  march,  to  resume 16 

Obliquing: 

Column  or  line 54 

Column  of  twos,  threes  or  fours 67 

And  forming  twos,  threes  or  fours 72,  73,  89 

Form  fours  to  files 80 

Form  fours  to  twos 85 

And  form  threes 71 

And  form  fours 71 

In  file 90 

Odd  numbers  to  the  rear 106 

On  left  into  line 69 

Open  order: 

From  twos 116 

From  threes 118 

Flank  movement  from  fours 120 

Quick  time 26 

Rear  eights,  front  and  rear 101 

Rear  eights,  in  front 100 

Rear  fours,  front  and  rear 99 

75 


Paragraph 

Rear  fours  in  front 98 

Rear  rank  in  double  rank 21 

Rest 33 

Short  men  on  right 9 

Side  stepping 53 

Sixes  to  the  left: 

Open  order 130,  131 

Take  interval 132,  133 

Take  full  distance 96 

Taking  interval 122 

Double  rank 124 

To  the  rear: 

And  halt 62 

From  a  halt 56 

Marching  or  marking  time 61 

Twos  left 44 

Twos  (fours)  left 76 

Double  rank 112,  113 

Twos  (fours)  left  about 77 

Double  rank. . .  109 


ectors 


ling  will  find  un- 
the  International 
ciation  Training 
>repares  students 
in  Young  Men's 
lemies,  schools, 
t  offers  a  three 

ning  in  athletics, 
^horough  courses 

7 >  r-j  -  J°gy>  psychology, 

physical  diagnosis,  physiology  of  exercise, 
anthropometry,  history  of  physical  training, 
hygiene,  massage,  philosophy  of  exercise,  etc. 

For  further  information  apply  to 

JAMES  H.  McCURDY, 

Springfield,  Mass. 


OVERDUE. 


OCT  22  ! 

utov 


OCT  15  1954  LU 


:D 


LD  2l-50w-8,-33 


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